Native Heritage Project

Correlating Historical Facts to DNA Test Results

Posted on October 16, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Sometimes DNA tests hold surprising results, results that the individual didn’t expect. That’s what happened to Jack Goins, Hawkins County, Tn. Archivist and founder of the Melungeon Core DNA project. Jack, a Melungeon descendant through several ancestors, expected that his Y paternal haplogroup would be either European or Native American, based on oral family history, but it wasn’t, it was E1b1a, African.

Jack’s family and ancestors were key members of the Melungeon families found in Hawkins and Hancock Counties in Tennessee beginning in the early 1800s. In order to discover more about this group of people, which included but was not limited to his own ancestors, Jack founded the Melungeon DNA projects.

Over time, descendants of most of the family lines had representatives test within both a Y-line and mitochondrial DNA project. The results were a paper, Melungeons: A Multi-Ethnic Population, published in JOGG, the Journal of Genetic Genealogy, in April 2012.

Many people expected to discover that the Melungeons were primarily Native American, but this was not the outcome of the DNA project. In fact, many of the direct paternal male lines were African and all of the direct maternal female lines tested were European. While there are paper records, in one case, that state that one of the ancestors of the Melungeons was Native American (Riddle), and there is DNA testing of another line that married into the Melungeon families that proves that indirect line is Native American (Sizemore), there is no direct line testing that indicates Native ancestry.

Aside from the uproar the results caused among researchers who were hopeful of a different outcome, it also begs the question of whether the documents we do have of those families support the DNA results. What did the contemporary people who knew them during their lifetime think about their race? Census takers, tax men and county clerks? Are there patterns that emerge? Sometimes, when we receive new information, be it genetic or otherwise, we need to revisit our documentation and look with a new set of eyes.

It’s common practice in genetic genealogy circles when “undocumented adoptions” are discovered, for example, to revisit the census and look for things like a child’s birthdate being before the parents’ marriage. Something that went unnoticed during initial data gathering or was assumed to be in error suddenly becomes extremely important, perhaps the key to unraveling what happened to those long-ago ancestors. Like in all projects, some descendant lines we expected to match, didn’t.

Recently Jack Goins undertook such an analysis of the documentary records collected over the years in the various counties where the Melungeon families or their direct ancestors lived. We know that today, and in the 1900s, most of these families appear physically primarily European, an observation supported by autosomal DNA testing. So we’re looking for records that indicate minority admixture.

Do the records indicate that these people were black, Native, European, mixed or something else, like Portuguese? Was the African admixture recent, so recent that their descendants were viewed as mixed-race, or were the African haplogroups introduced long ago, hundreds or thousands of years ago perhaps, maybe in Mediterranean Europe? If that was the case, then the Melungeon ancestors in America would have been considered “European,” meaning they looked white. What do the records say about these families? Were they uniformly considered white, black, mixed or Native in all of the locations where family members moved as they dispersed out of colonial Virginia?

If these men were Native Americans, would they have likely fought against the Indians in the French and Indian War in 1754? Melungeon ancestors did just that and they are specifically noted as fighting “against the Shawnee.” Their families were found in census records as “free people of color” and “mulatto” countless times which indicates they were not slaves and were not white. On one later census record, below, in 1880, Portugee was overstricken and W for white entered.

Melungeon families and their ancestors were listed on tax records and other records as mulattoes, never as mustee and only once as Indian. Mulattoes are typically mixed black and white, although it can be Native and white, while mustee generally means mixed Indian with something else. On one 1767 tax list, Moses Riddle, a maternal ancestor of a Melungeon family is listed as Indian, but this is the only instance found in the hundreds of records searched. The Riddle family paternal haplogroup reflects European ancestry so apparently the Indian ancestor originated in a maternal line.

Court records identify Melungeon families as “colored” and “black” and “African” and “free negroes and mulattoes” as well as white. In the 1840s, a group of Melungeon men, descendants of these individuals classified as mulattoes and free people of color were prosecuted for voting, a civil liberty forbidden to those “not white,” and probably as a political move to make examples of them. Some of these men were found not guilty, one simply paid the fine, probably to avoid prosecution due to his advanced age, and the cases were dismissed against the rest. Some were also prosecuted for bi-racial marriage when it was illegal for anyone of mixed heritage to marry a white person. In earlier cases, in the 1700s in Virginia, these families were prosecuted for “concealing tithables” specifically for not listing their wives, “being mulattoes.” In another case, the records indicate an individual being referred to as ‘yellow complected,’ a term often used for a light skinned mulatto. And yet another case states that while the men were “mulattos,” their fathers were free and their wives were white.

There are many records, more than 1600 in total that we indexed and cataloged when writing the paper, and more have surfaced since. In all of those records, only one contemporaneous record, the 1767 Riddle tax list, states the person was an Indian. None, other than the 1880 census record, state that they were Portuguese. There are many that indicate African or mixed heritage, of some description, and there are also many that don’t indicate any admixture. Especially in later census, as the families outmarried to some extent, they were nearly uniformly listed as white. Still, this group of people looked “different” enough from their neighbors to be labeled with the derisive name of Melungeon.

While this group, based on mitochondrial DNA testing, did initially marry European women, generations of intermarriage would have caused the entire group to be darker than the nonadmixed European population in the 1700s and 1800s. By this time, neither they nor their neighbors were sure what they were, so they claimed Portuguese and Indian. No one claimed to have black ancestors, in fact, most denied it vehemently. By this time, so many generations had passed that they may not have known the whole truth, and there is indeed evidence of two Indian lines within the Melungeon community.

In light of these records, the DNA results should not have been as surprising as they were. However, this body of research had never been analyzed as a whole before.

Since the original paper was published, four additional paternal lines documented as Melungeon but without DNA representation/confirmation in the original paper have tested, and all four of them, Nichols, Perkins, Shoemake/Shumach and Bolin/Bolton carry haplogroup E1b1a. They are not matches to each other or other Melungeon paternal lines, so it’s not a matter of undocumented adoptions within a community.

The DNA project administrators certainly welcome additional participants who descend from the Melungeon families. Y-line DNA requires a male who descends from a patriarch via all males, given that males pass their Y chromosome to only sons.

There may indeed be Native American lines yet undiscovered within the female or ancestral lines, and we are actively seeking people descended from the wives of these Melungeon families through all women. Mitochondrial DNA, which tests the maternal line, is passed to both genders of children, but only females pass it on. So to represent your Melungeon maternal ancestor, you must descend from her through all females, but you yourself can be either male or female.

While the primary focus is still to document the various direct family lines utilizing Y-line and mitochondrial DNA, the advent of autosomal testing has opened the door for other Melungeon descendants to test as well. In fact, the project administrators have organized a separate project for all descendants who have taken the autosomal Family Finder test at Family Tree DNA called the Melungeon Families project.

The list of eligible Melungeon surnames is Bell, Bolton, Bowling, Bolin, Bowlin, Breedlove, Bunch, Collins, Denham, Gibson, Gipson, Goins, Goodman, Minor, Moore, Menley, Morning, Mullins, Nichols, Perkins, Riddle, Sizemore, Shumake, Sullivan, Trent and Williams. For specifics about the paternal lines, patriarchs and where these families are historically located, please refer to the paper.

Furthermore, anyone with documented proof of additional Melungeon families or surnames is encouraged to provide that as well. Surnames are only added to the list with proof that the family was referenced as Melungeon from a documented historical record or is ancestral to a documented Melungeon family. For example, the Sizemore family was never directly referred to as Melungeon in documented sources, but Aggy Sizemore (haplogroup H/European), daughter of George Sizemore (haplogroup Q/Native) married Zachariah Minor (haplogroup E1b1a/African). The Minor family is one of the Melungeon family names. So while Sizemore itself is not Melungeon, it is certainly an ancestral name to the Melungeon group.

For more information, read Jack Goins’ article, Written Records Agree with Melungeon DNA Results.

If you’d like to take a DNA test, click here.

Posted in DNA, Melungeon | 9 Comments

Modern Faces and Ancient Migrations

Posted on October 16, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Our friends at Abroad in the Yard wrote an interesting article back in December 2011 about Modern Faces and Ancient Migrations.

As you’re probably aware, the migration of people, their ethnicity and how they came to be where they are today is hotly debated among people who are not warm and friendly, at least not to each other. There are into and out of Africa theories. There are debates about the origins of the Aboriginal people of Australia, and there are several debates about the arrival of the Native Americans from Asia.

One of the questions about Native Americans is whether there was one wave or more. Another question is whether or not the people who populated South America had a different genesis from those who populated North America. It’s widely accepted that the people who populated North American, at least, arrived via the Bering Strait, although these is still some question about some arrivals from the east, from Europe, via Greenland. But assuming the Beringia migration path, were these the only people to populate South America? Were other Asians, Africans, Australians or Patagonians involved? Did seafaring people settle parts of South America before the Indians arrived?

Looking at the pictures of these people and where they live today is quite interesting, especially when looking at the progression of migration and how their phenotype changes, or doesn’t. In other words, how they resemble each other and their closest neighbors.

So take a look for yourself. What do you think?

http://www.abroadintheyard.com/modern-faces-ancient-migration/

Posted in Aboriginal, Alaska Natives, Anthropology, Archaic Indians, Australia, DNA, History, Mexico, Migration, Navajo, Origins, South America | 3 Comments

“Commemorating” Columbus Day – Sees Through Time

Posted on October 14, 2013 by Roberta Estes

The year was 1992. The Embroiderers’ Guild of America had issued a challenge for members to create original works of needleart commemorating the 500^th anniversary of Columbus’ Discovery of America.

As a descendant of both European and Native people, I simply could not let that challenge lay unanswered.

I had to tell the story from the perspective of the Native people. I’m not sure the word “commemorate” was appropriate either.

I fully expected my entry to be disqualified due to content and theme. In fact, I already had a letter written in defense of my entry. But I didn’t have to use that letter, because my entry was not only accepted, it received an award of honor. It was displayed prominently and traveled in museum exhibits for several years. I know that it spoke to many people on its journey. They left notes and sent letters. In another blog, in the future, I will tell the story of how this piece came to be, but for today, I’ll just let “Sees Through Time” speak for itself.

Posted in Uncategorized | Leave a comment

William Edward Fitch – Raleigh’s Colony Was Not Lost

Posted on October 13, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Walter Edward Fitch wrote a book in 1913 titled “The First Founders in America, With Facts To Prove That Sir Water Raleigh’s Lost Colony Was Not Lost.”

Fitch believed that the Lost Colony was not lost, but had become the Croatan Indians of that time, today known as the Lumbee.

He sets forth as evidence:

Lawson’s 1709 writings about the local Indians saying that their ancestors were white people and could talk in a book.
Lawson’s indication that the local Indians had grey eyes where no others did.
Nelson’s 1608 Virginia map indicating “11 men clothed that came from Roanoke to Ocanahawan.”
Several passages in Smiths’ True Relations where the Jamestown people are provided with information that suggests that the colonist, or at least a few of them, are still alive in various locations.
The universal tradition among the Indians in Robeson and Harnet counties that they are the descendants of English people and the Cherokee Indians and that they have always been friendly with the white man, and that they dwelt together along the Neuse River.
Hamilton McMillan’s 1888 interview of an aged woman of 90 years (or so) who indicated that her “fathers came from Roanoke in Virginia” and that the colonists were carried to a settlement on the Neuse by a chief named Wyonoke. The English then gradually moved westward.
Lederer’s reports of “bearded men” in 1669-1670 in the region south of the Roanoke River.
Reverend Morgan Jones letter indicating that he was kidnapped in 1686 and found some of the Indians spoke Welsh.
Reverend John St. Clair who reports in the Albemarle settlement in 1704 that there is a powerful tribe of no less than 100,000, many of which live amongst the English….a very civilized people.”
Scotchmen about 1730 find a large tribe of Indians located on the Lumber River in Robeson County who were tilling the soil, owning slaves and speaking English.
That the Croatan Indians believe themselves to be descended from the colonists.
That during the Civil War, George Lowrie addressed the people in Robeson County saying that the Indians took the English to live with them and adopted their ways, but were then being treated very poorly.
That the language of the Croatan Indians (Lumbee) includes old English words.
That the surnames of the Croatan Indians include some of the colonist surnames.

In him summary, Fitch states:

“Smith and Strachey heard that the colonists of 1587 were in the region of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers about 1607. The explorers sent out by Raleigh in 1608 and 1610 found that the colony had joined the Croatan Indians and removed first to the Roanoke and then to the interior. John Lederer heard of them in 1670 and remarked on their beads, which were never worn by a full-blooded Indian. Rev. John St. Clair heard of them in 1704. John Lawson met some of the Croatoan Indians about 1709 and was told that their ancestors were white men. White settlers came into the middle section of North Carolina as early as 1715 and found the ancestors of the present tribe of Croatan Indians tilling the soil, holding slaves and speaking English. The Croatans of today claim descent from the lost colony. Their habits, dispositions and mental characteristics show traces both of savage and civilized ancestry. Their language is the English of 325 years ago and their names are in many cases the same as those borne by the original colonists. No other theory of their origin has been advanced and it is confidently believed that the one here proposed is logically and historically the best, supported as it is both by external and internal evidence. If this summing up of the case is rejected, then the Judge and Jury must explain in some other way the origin of an Indian tribe, which after the lapse of 325 years shows the characteristics, speaks the language and possesses the family names of the second English colony planted in the western world.”

Please note that this was written in 1915 when the present day Lumbee Tribe was called the Croatan tribe.

You can download this book for free at:

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924007557469#view=1up;seq=46

Posted in Croatan (Later Lumbee), Lost Colony, Lumbee | Leave a comment

The Apache

Posted on October 10, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family

In 1871, a document titled “Resources of Arizona Territory with a Description of the Indian Tribes; Ancient Ruins, Cochise, Apache Chief; Antonio, Pima Chief; Stage and Wagon Roads; Trade and Commerce, Etc.” was published by the authority of the Legislature. In a section titled “Indians of Arizona,” it tells us the following:

Warning – Graphic descriptions.

The Apaches are divided into small bands and are governed by petty chiefs or captains. The main divisions of the Apaches are named the Coyoteros, Pinals, Tontos, Apaches, Mohaves and what is known as Cochise’s tribe. Each of these tribes or bands has more or less divisions and are governed as said before by the petty chiefs or captains of such band. They have no common head and when the chief of one of these bands is not acceptable to his people he is removed and another chosen in his stead. In this respect, they are republican.

They have lived principally by theft and such supplies as they could obtain from the natural products of the country, as far back as we have any written knowledge of them. They have levied their contributions for centuries upon Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango.

They often travel hundreds of miles from their mountain homes and unexpectedly sally forth upon a settlement to murder, burn and destroy and capture herds, and carry into captivity women and children. There are many Mexicans now with them who were stolen when so young that they have no recollection of home or relations, while many were taken at an age that the memory of father, mother, brothers and sisters could never be effaced, and such embrace every opportunity of escape, and have often returned after an absence of from 10 to 15 years to gladden the hearts of fond relatives who had never ceased to mourn their sad fate. The tales of anguish as told by these poor people, of the long years of captivity, or hardships and hunger, or fears and hopes for life and liberty, and of constantly witnessing the murder and torture of their own people, are heartrending in the extreme.

The Apaches are polygamists, and have as many wives as fancy dictates, or as they can induce to live with him. The women do all the hard labor, and are often treated with great severity by their lords and masters. They have no matrimonial ceremony to celebrate the marriage relation, but if the bridegroom is possessed of any property he is expected to give something to the bride’s father at the time she is taken from the parental roof. After marriage, these Indians expect and demand fidelity on the part of their wives, be they few or many; and any deviation from the paths of virtue is punished by cutting off the nose. The writer has seen a number of their women after they had been disfigured in this way.

Repeated attempts have been made to place them on reservations, btu they are invariably proved treacherous in their pretensions, and while being fed at the expense of the government have often murdered and robbed citizens and when their nefarious work was done, return again to the reservation for safety and rest. There are undoubtedly Apache Indians who desire peace, and policy and humanity dictate that they should be placed upon a reservation and be fed and guarded and not allowed to roam at will and murder and devastate as has been the case in all previous experiments.

Cochise is the most noted of all the Apache chiefs, and while all the other bands are independent of him, they all give him assistance in men and supplies whenever he makes requisitions. The murders committed by this notorious chief, if given in detail, would cause the blood to curdle in anyone’s veins who has a heart of sympathy. The misery and torture he has inflicted, if portrayed, would cause amazement that a just God ever created such a monster. To the personal knowledge of the writer full 100 have fallen beneath his hand during the past two years. He is inventive in his means of torture. Women are often made captives and subjected to a life worse than death. Children are placed on spears and roasted over a slow fire and write in misery until life is extinct. Men are hanged and gashed with knives and pierced with arrows until death gives relief. Reader, these are stubborn facts. Do you wonder the people clamor for protection and feel deeply wronged when their brethren, far removed from these horrid scenes, denounce them as barbarous because they want peace and these Indians subdued?

Posted in Apache | Leave a comment

Indian Slaves of Christopher Guin

Posted on October 8, 2013 by Roberta Estes

From the South Carolina Dept. of Archives and History.

http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov/onlinearchives/

Series: S213003 Volume – 002I Page – 00704 Item – 02
Date: 1754/02/02
Description: GUIN, CHRISTOPHER, LATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, TO JOSEPH ALLSTON, OF CRAVEN COUNTY, BILL OF SALE FOR ONE INDIAN WOMAN SLAVE NAMED JENNY, ONE INDIAN WOMAN SLAVE NAMED AGGIE, AND ONE INDIAN GIRL SLAVE NAMED RACHEL. (2 PAGES)

Hat tip to Joy for this information.

Posted in North Carolina, Slaves | Leave a comment

Wounded Knee

Posted on October 6, 2013 by Roberta Estes

‎123 years ago, on December 28,1890, Chief Spotted Elk was deathly sick with pneumonia.. His band of Lakota set off in the snow from Cheyenne River to seek shelter with Red Cloud at Pine Ridge reservation. Big Foot’s band was intercepted by Major Samuel Whitside and a battalion of the Seventh Cavalry and escorted five miles to Wounded Knee Creek.

That evening, Colonel James Forsyth arrived to take command and ordered his guards to place four rapid-fire Hotchkiss guns(cannon) in position under cover of darkness around the camp. The soldiers numbered around 500—the Indians, 350.- all but 120 were women and children. The soldiers had orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, and to disarm them before proceeding.

A shot was fired at the end of the disarmament. One soldier claimed that the medicine man’s Ghost Dancing & throwing dust into the air caused the attack, while others blamed a deaf Lakota, Black Coyote. As the cannons began firing into the camp, many of the unarmed men, women and children ran for cover in a ravine only to be cut down in a brutal cross fire.

At the end, 300 Sioux lay dead. Official reports listed the number killed at 90 warriors and 210 women and children. Army losses numbered 25 dead and 39 wounded, mostly by their own troops. Forsyth was later charged with The Killing of Innocents, but was exonerated and promoted. 22 of the soldiers that day were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.

“I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young. I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. My people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream… the nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.” -Black Elk (1863-1950); Oglala Holy man

Posted in History, Lakota | 5 Comments

Native American Maternal Haplogroup A2a and B2a Dispersion

Posted on October 3, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Recently, in Phys.org, they published a good overview of a couple of recently written genetic papers dealing with Native American ancestry. I particularly like this overview, because it’s written in plain English for the non-scientific reader.

In a nutshell, there has been ongoing debate that has been unresolved surrounding whether or not there was one or more migrations into the Americas. These papers use these terms a little differently. They not only talk about entry into the Americas but also dispersion within the Americans, which really is a secondary topic and happened, obviously, after the initial entry event(s).

The primary graphic in this article, show below, from the PNAS article, shows the distribution within the Americas of Native American haplogroups A2a and B2a.

Schematic phylogeny of complete mtDNA sequences belonging to haplogroups A2a and B2a. A maximum-likelihood (ML) time scale is shown. (Inset) A list of exact age values for each clade. Credit: Copyright © PNAS, doi:10.1073/pnas.0905753107

As you can see, the locations of these haplogroups are quite different and the various distribution models set forth in the papers account for this difference in geography.

One of the aspects of this paper, and the two academic papers on which it is based, that I find particularly encouraging is that the researchers are utilizing full sequence mitochondrial DNA, not just the HVR1 or HVR1+HVR2 regions which has all too often been done in the past. In all fairness, until rather recently, the expense of running the full sequence was quite high and there were few (if any) other results in the academic data bases to compare the results with. Now, the cost is quite reasonable, thanks in part to genetic genealogy and new technologies, and so the academic testing standards are changing. If you’ll note, Alessandro Achilli, one of the authors of these papers and others about Native Americans as well, also comments towards the end that full genome testing will be being utilized soon. I look forward to this new era of research, not only for Native Americans but for all of us searching for our roots.

Read the Phys.org paper at: http://phys.org/news/2013-09-mitochondrial-genome-north-american-migration.html#jCp

The original academic papers are found here and here. I encourage anyone with a serious interest in this topic to read these as well.

Posted in DNA, Migration | 3 Comments

Petition Sundry Inhabitants South of French Broad

Posted on October 2, 2013 by Roberta Estes

Page 1 of 19

Petition Sundry Inhabitants South of French Broad

North Carolina General Assembly Session Records

Nov-Dec 1789, Box 4, Folder 81

Source: North Carolina State Archives

109 E. Jones St. – Raleigh, N.C. 27601

Transcribed from Photocopied Document Received December 2003

The following set of documents include the names of many men who lived in Eastern Tennessee in 1789, names that might not be found in any other records. These men were living on Indian territory that had not been purchased by the United States. They were considered trespassers. Most of them had lived under the State of Franklin, but once that was disbanded, they belonged to no state, no nation. These petitions were written to the North Carolina Assembly, asking for help. Many of these people stayed around and eventually gained legal possession of their land almost 20 years later, but others gave up and left the area, not leaving any evidence behind in county and state records besides their names on these petitions. Many names were hard to read, because of handwriting, faded ink, folds, or missing edges. We’re sure our “guess” may not have been what you see or know to be there. But, every effort was made to transcribe names and narrative exactly as we saw it written. Words are spelled as in the documents, and dotted lines represent illegible writing.

Transcribers:

Ms. Connee Lee (Brown) Kroeger, Deer Park, Texas (transcription completed 26 Jan 2005)

Mrs. Sheran Ann (Cooper) McCants, Spring, Texas (transcription completed 26 Jan 2005)

(page 1)

To the Honorable the Commisners appointed on behalf of the United States to treat with the

Chereece Indins—-

The memorial of the Inhabetents So, of French Broad humbly Sheweth= that your memoralists being indused by the Laudable Intention alone of promoting publick as well as privet Intrust and Ineuriged by the uniform liberil conduct of States holding vacant teretory towards the first adventurers taking pesesion of the same have Immegrated from Defferent quarters of the Empier and settled our selves in the territory above mentioned as we beleave not only with the countenance and protection but Even upon the Soliseon of government so far as gives our Setling here to us Every appearance of being strictly legil the Solletary Effects of which has Been felt by us and Observed by forenors and as our setlers had the appearance of legality so our conduct towards the chercees has been Just and Agreable we have had their consent for setling the land repeatedly the

price and purchesis being by boath parties refeared to the futer Determanation of government but as Events unfore seen by your memorelists have taken place which renders our lives and properties unsecure and government rather seems to frown on us than to Extend protection in our Distreses which have given us a great alarm as fully sensible of our precarious situation we now gentlemen turn our atention to you knowing you to be vested with ample power to releave us from our present Deficulties and Dangers that is to have the time dividing the Citizens of the united States from the

Chercees Indens Extended sofar as to take in the settlements by which meanes we will againe becom ordely Citizens and be set in a Sittuation in which government will take notis of us and give us the

Page 2 of 19

protection of those bearing laws under whose Influence and Instruction we Exspect to be secure and hapy youre memorolists beg leave to inform you that from youre humble and patriot Carceters we have the most flatring

(Page 2)

Hopes of releaf from our present distreses well assured that no Exartion on youre part will be wanting in our faver knowing that virtue is its own rewarder and no Action is more Meretorieous then than to releave a multitude of the humen family from distress and ruin the purity of whose Intentions what Ever may be their mistakes will plead for them youre Memorelists to Desier that you wold do them the Justice to rest assured that they repose an unbounded confidence in youre Integrety and attachment to their Instrust = and as in duty bound Shall Ever pray.

Alexr Mtgomery John McClellan

Arcel Fox John Mahan

……… Gas……ce Burton Prid

Daniel (?) Vancil (?) Anthony Lawson

Isaac Skilman Jeff …………

Alexr Mcglalin Senr John Parks

Daniel Mcglalin James Handy (?)

Barefoot Runyon Woolsey Pride

John Hiser Hugh Johnson

Benjamin Fanshire Rott (?) Magill (?)

Richard Fanshire Vallentin (?) …………..

David Fanshire James Oldam

George Hallmark …………. (on fold)

David Horton John Briar/Brian

William Smallwod Wm Melton (?)

Alexr Meglalin Juner John Moon

Joseph Tayeler John Parker (?)

Flayl (?) Nichols ………..

William Galther?. Robert (?)…………

Jas Walker (?)

(Page 3)

John Menis John Houston

Joseph McReynolds Robt Wilson

Enos Bowman David Caldwell

Olin/Alin (?) Alexander Thomas Dickison

John Alexander John Kelley

El…..Alexander Thomas Caldwell

John Dunkin Alexander Ewing

James Maginly James Beard

John Jackson John Cloid

James Telford Matthew Russell

……… Tedford Ezekiel Cloyd

James McKenny John Singeleton

John Tedford John Thompson

Barclay McGhee Robert Hanna

Page 3 of 19

James ……. Joshea Hannah

………….. James Gillespie

……..w Jackson Thos Brown

Joseph Tedford Calvin Johnson

Samuel Jackson James McAlister (?)

James Houston …………

Matt Houston …………

Samuel Henery (?) Jas Gillespy

James Houston John McCain

Patrick Young John Coats

Alexander McEwen

Samuel Houston

(Page 4)

To The Honourable the general assembly of the State of N. Carolina the petetion of Sundry inhabitants South of French Broad river humbly Sheweth

That Amongst the repeated depredation committed on us by the Chirakee Indians within these ………… ………….. there has been a great number of horses stole, It is the bereft prayer of your petitioners that if a Treaty is ……. With that nation and a purchase made of the lands we reside on that a deduction be made from the sum promised them for their

lands to the amount of the value of the horses that they have taken from the white people and that each person may receive a certificate for the value of their horses thus lost which will be received by government in the purchase of lands yet to be entered in this state and your petitioners as in duty bound Shall ever pray

Saml Newell William Reagan Samuel Mcmurrey Jr

Wm Upton Charles Reagan Robert Mcmurry

Wm Houston John Reagan John Caldwell

John Kerr Jacob Thomas George Berry

Mathew Houston Henry Thomas James Scott

Jas Black George Erving John Lowry

Charles Logan William Lowry George Caldwell

Littlepage Sims Wm Mcmurrey Thomas Waller

Saml Newell (?) Snr Samuel Mcmurrey Sn Samuel Weir

Benjamin Tipton Hugh Weir

(Page 5)

John Clack T. Wallace Senr

Wm Wallace Robert Thompson

Wm Henderson Senr James Thompson

Joseph Beavers Thomas Wallace J

John Henderson Joel Wallace

Thomas Henderson John Beavers

Jesee Wallace Eliz (?) Rodgers

Wm Henderson Jnr James Bevers

Robert Henderson

Meshick Tipton

Page 4 of 19

James Magers

David Emmens

James Rodgers

Henery Rodgers

Robert Carr

Ollipher Wallace

John Wallace

Samuel Mcclalan

Saml Thompson

Wm (?) Thompson

(Page 6)

To the honourable the general assembly of the State of N. Carolina the petition of Sundry

inhabitants on the unappropriated Tarittory South of French Broad river humbly Sheweth

That your petitioners having seated themselves on the above taritory with views to

promote publick Deconomy equely with …………… advantage desire to submit to laws and conform to the requisitions of government, and to live in that orderly manner that would insure to us the countenence and protection of Just and Equitable laws formed only to …………… by virtue and surpress the reicious. And your petitioners being feelingly seenceable how distructive the D…….. that hav of late pervaded this district Has been to publick as well as private happiness and how much we are both as a community and individually exposed to the savages as well of internal as ……… external enemies, humbly implore the interpoletion of your honourable body that you would commiserate our present distress and grant us relief by extending to us the protection of government that we may with other citizens participate of those blessings common to all Christian

and enlightened people under the influence of Just laws and the auspices of a well regulated commonwealth. And whereas your petitioners has in the course of their settling and defending the taritory

(Page 7)

………………(cut off) numberless hardships and dificultys Particularly in a…………. Indian war by which they are much impoverished. It is their hunble petition to your honourable body that when you in your wisdom think proper to open a land office for the taritory before mentioned that you would grant to each actual adventurer a pre-emtion of the land on which he lives, on as moderate terms as you may Judge consistant with Justice and sound policy; Also reasonable time for each settler to raise the Severel Sums required of them by government for the purchase of their lands. It is farther the earnest prayer of your petitioners that an Entritaker be appointed amongst us to take in the entrys of sd lands which will save to the poor inhabitants the enormous expence that will nasasarily occur if they have to travil to the seat of government or some interior part to enter their lands as thare is many who may prosobly be able to enter a small tract on which they Could mentain a helpless family would nevertheless fail in raising money to support them to and from the entritaker office if it was to be fixed in some distant part of the State.

Page 5 of 19

(Page 8)

And your petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray—

Saml Newell Oliver Alexander John Singeleton

Jos. Black John Dunkin James Gillespe

Saml Newell Senr John Thompson

Benjamin Tipton John Alexander Thos Brown

Jos Bogle Ebn Alexander Calven Johnson

John McLain James Maginly James McAlister

Adam Dunlap George Tedford Robert hanna

John Kerr James Cunningham William Massey

James Dunlap James Tilford James Gillespy

John Dunlap Barclay McGhee John McCain

Page Sims Andrew Jackson John Coats

Mathew Houston John Jackson

John Culick (?) James ……….

(Page 9)

Wm Houston Joseph Tedford

Charles Logan Samuel Jackson

Charles Reagan John Tedford

John Reagan James Houston

Henry Reagan Matt Houston

William Reagan Samuel Henery

Jacob Thomas Alexander McEwen

Henry Thomas Patrick Young

George Ervng Samuel Houston

John Caldwell John Houston

William McMurrey Robt Wilson

Samuel McMurrey Snr David Caldwell

Samuel McMurrey Jnr John Kelley

Robert McMurrey Thomas Dickison

Thomas Waller Thomas Caldwell

John Menis James Beard

Joseph McReynolds Alexander (?) …………ey

E……. Bowman John Cloyd

Samuel Weir Ezekiel Cloyd

Hugh Weir William Russell

James Houston

Matthew Russell

(Page 10)

To the Honourable The Commissioners appointed in behalf of the United States to Speak with the Cherokee Indians. The Memoreal of Sundrey inhabitants South of French Broad humbly representeth. That your memorealsts being induced by the laudable intention alone, of promoting publick as well as private interest & encouraged by the uniform liberal conduct of States (holding

Page 6 of 19

vacant Teretorey) towards the first adventurers takeing possession of the same, have emigrated from different quarters of the Empire & seated ourselves in the Teretorey above mentioned (as we believe) not only with the Countenence & protection but even on the solicitations of government so far as gives our settleing here (to us) every appearance of being strictly Legal (the salutary conseequences of which has been felt by us & observed by wayfarers) And as our settlements had the appearance of legality, so our conduct towards the Cherokees has been just & equitable We have had their consent for settleing the land repeatedly. The price of purchase being by both parties refered to the future desesion of government. But, as events unforeseen by your Memorealists have

taken place which hinders our lives & properties unssecure & government appears rather to frown than extend ……… in our districts such has given us great alarm as fully sencible of our precarious

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

line devideing the Citezens of the United States from the Cherokee…….………………..

so as to include the settlements by which means we will again become orderly Citezens set in a Situation in which Government will take notice of us & give us the protection of those benign Laws, under whose influence & operations alone we expect to be secure & happy. Your memorialists beg leave to inform you that from your humane & patriotick character we have the most flattering hopes of relief from our present distresses Well assured that no one action on your part will be wanting In our favour knowing that virtue is its own reward.

(Page 11)

(Much repeated from page 10)

….., & no action is more meritorious than the releaveing a ……..titude of the human family from distress & ruan, the purety of whose intentions (whatever may be their mistakes) will ever plead for them. Your memorialists desire that you would do them the justice to rest assured that they …………. An unbounded confedence in your integrety & attachment to their interest & as in duty bound shall ever pray.

Jno Sharkey(?) Soleman McCampbell

James Snodgrass

Joseph Shadon

(Page 12)

Petn of the Inhabitants So French Broad

(Page 13)

William Heckton David Cloyd Francies Casteel Calvin Johnston

Joshua Hannah(?) James Witherspoon Morriss Mitchel David Loveless

Robert Hanah James Wetherspoon Jacob Meek William Cher(?) John

McAlister John Whetherspoon Philip Vanrll(?) Micajah Carter

Jno Clark Hugh Con/Coor(?) Cunrode Hugson? James Anderson Junr

H.C. Brown(?) John McMahon James Williss James Anderson Senr

Jno Burden Nicholas Bartlet Patrick Statry? Thos Anderson

William Gillespy Robert Perl James Perl John Bayle

James Gillespy Adam Peck Benjamin Burden William Sneed

Matthew Russell James Mitchel Leonard Mouts/Moriss John Thomas

Page 7 of 19

John Singleton Benjaman Litle John Casteel Charles Thomas

John Cloyd William Tipton William Burden Thomas Wray

Davis Stockton John Wheler Antony Buley William Wray

James Stockn Nichodemus Keeth John Doyl John Wray

Samuel Stockton John Burden John Lashly John Hitchcock

Isaiah Hamilton John Thirmon(?) John Philips William Hitchcock

Will…. Lee Edmond Casteel(?) John Dearmond Senr Lammas McCarty

William ………. John Dearmond Juner John Gillespy(?) Senr

Samuel Dearmond John Gillespy Junr

James Dearmond William Cowan

David Dearmond Alexander Gillespy

Paul Cuningham John ……..d

Humphrey ……….

(Page 14)

George Ewing John Hook David Caldwell Jas. Gillespy Jur

Alex Ewing John Clark John McCuleth John Walker

John Kelley James Beard Wm Beard Jas Gillespy

Jas Gillespy Andrew Giffin(?) John Hooks Robert Gillespy

Thos McCollack David Caldwell Joseph McReynold John Ash(?)

Warner Martin William St……. Jas Ewing John Carson Senr

Saml Glass Alexander Hooks(?) Jas Mc……… John Carson Junr

John Gowan Sal McCarter James …….. Wm Henry

Thomas Caldwell George Caldwell David Caldwell Sen John McComb

Ezel Cloyd Thos Topson(?) ……….. Nicholas H…l(?)

John Caldwell Wm Ewing James Upton David Eagleton

….. McMurry(?) ……………. John Mcain Daniel Mckinzey

Charles Reagan Snd John ……… Jas Bogle Snr Jos Black

William Reagan Adam Dunlap John Williams John Cussick(?)

James Ray John Lesley Jonothan Cunnanham John Coats(?)

Page Sims William Hutton Jacob ……mann Jos? Bogle Junr

Benjamin Tipton David White David Linsey Wm Houston

Saml Newell Snr Benjamin Allen John Reagan Henry Ragan(?)

Jerimiah McCarter Andw Bogle Saml? Bogle Ibram? Horton(?)

James Dunlop William Upton Peter Avery?

John Hyne(?) Wm Johns(?)

Richard Wiliams

John Wiliams

John Dunlap

(Page 15)

Robert Fergison Jos Scott James Mckenney Wm Cavenieug(?)

Henry Fergison Joseph McConnel(?) Jas Tedford David Craig

Hugh Fergeson Saml Henry Joseph Tedford John Houston

Joseph McReynold Bartley McGee John Tedford Jas Houston

John Hanna Oliver Alexander George Tedford Robert Wilson

John Hanna Junr John Duncan John Lowrey Saml Houston

Page 8 of 19

Joseph Hart Jas McGinley Moses Cuningham Matthew Houston

John Alexander John Perll(?) Edward Eagins

208 Ebenezer Alexander Henry Fergison Archibd Sloan

120 John Craig Robert Hamble John Sloan

Total No-328 Jas Craig Senr John Jackson Alexr Sloan

Jas Craig Junr Andw Jackson Jas Sloan

Jas/Jos Roddey(?) Saml Jackson James Cuningham

John Kinney?

(Page 16)

To the honourable the commissioners appointed on behalf of the United States to trade with the Cherokee Indians The Memorial of the Inhabitants So of french broad humbly sen…th that your memoralists Being Indu………. By the Laudable Intention alone of promoting publick as well as private intrest and incouraged By the Uniform liberal conduct of States holding vacant teretory toward the first adventurers taking possession of the same have Imigrated from Diferent quarters of the Empire and setteled ourselves in the territory above mentioned as we believe not only with the countinan… And protection But Even upon the Solicion of government so far as gives our setteling here to us Every

apearince of Being Strictly Legal this solutary Efects of which has been felt by us and observed By forenors and as our settelers have the apearince of Legality so our conduct toward this Cherokees has been Just and Equatable …… have had their consent for setteling this land Repeatedly the price and purchase Being By Both parties Referd to the future Determination of Government But as Events unforeseen By your memorilists have taken place Which ……. …. Lives and properties unsecure and government Rather seems to frown on us than to Extend protection In Distress which hase given us ……. Alarm as fully sencible Of our precarious situation over now Gentlemen turn our atention to your knowing you to Be vested with ample power to Reliev us from our present Dificulties and Dangers that is to have this line Dividing the citizens of the United States from the

Cherokee Indians Extended so far as to take the settlements by which means we will again Become orderly citizens and be Set in asituation in which government will take Notice of us and give us the protection of those Bening laws Under whose Influence and atoration alone we Expect To Be sesure and hapy your Memoralists Beg Leave to Inform you that from your humane and patriot carecters We have the most flattering hops of Relief from our present Distrasses Well assured that no Entention on your part will be wanting in our favour knowing that Vertue is its own Rewarder and no action is more Meretores Than to Releive amultitude of the humane family from Distress and Ruin the purity of whose Intentions Whatever May be their mistakes will plead for Them Your

memorilists Desire that you Would Do them

(Page 17)

the justice to Rest assured that the Ripose Our unbound confidence in your Intigrity and attachment to their Intrest and as in Duty Bound shall Ever pray.

Spencer Clack Wm Addom

Jesse isbell Samuel Addom

William Isbell Sam S……….

Joseph Byrd David (faded).

Jesse Byrd J….. Ford?

Page 9 of 19

John Blane Peter Addam

John Byrd Wm Melton/Mellor Jun

James Cameron Sam Bird

Larken Rogers James Bird

Alexander Reed (faded)

James Cameron Senr Wm Millor

(faded) Rogers Zacariah Ja (faded)

James Beavers Roger(?) Renfro(?) Jun

…on Hamilton Obadiah(?) Clack(?)

Patrick Hamilton Roland Clack

Patrick (faded) Siles(?) Coor (?)

Joseph Woods James Tomson/Samson

James Woods Abram Moon

John Woods James Davis

Tobius Wilhelms (?)

William Moon

Jesse Moon

Wm Pride?

John

Joseph Willson

Adam Willson

Alexander Anderson(?)

James Willson

Joseph Dickson

Hugh Dickson

(faded) Dickson (?)

(Page 18)

5 Mar, 30, 1789

Your Committee to whom, the case of the people residing South of French Broad River

was…….. Report That previous to an Act of the General assembly passed in 1783, reserving certain lands to the use of the Indians, near an hundred families were settled on the Territory South of French broad. —– That by the above recited act those families were left in that part reserved to the Indians for hunting grounds. —- That as early as 1782, His Excellency Governer Martin did appoint John Sevier, Charles McDowell and Wrightstill Avery esquires, or any two of them commissioners to hold

a Treaty with the Cherokee Indians. That on the 31st of May 1785, John Sevier did Treat with several of the headmen of the said nation in a fair and open manner for all lands below Browns line south of Holston and low as the dividing Ridge between Tennessee and

(page 19)

and little River, for which lands, the Indians were to receive a compensation, which compensation from unavoidable accidents has not been yet paid your Committee therefore Report it adviseable that a law be passed to comply with The said Treaty (faded) and upon the whole Your Committee are of opinion it would be expedient for this assembly to pass an act for extending the boundary of

Page 10 of 19

Greene County so as to include these settlers, and criet Them into a separate and distinct Battalion of Militia, the officers of which shall be appointed in the usual mode, and also so many Justices of the peace as may be necessary which Justices shall be considered as Members of the Court of Greene County —– Your committee further recommend to this general assembly that some person be appointed to pay the said Indians agreeably to the said Treaty who shall be furnished with a sum of of money not exceeding L600, to be laid out in goods which shall be paid down to the Indians or so much thereof as he shall find necessary to satisfy them for the purchase

(Page 20)

purchase of said lands. —- That an Entry taker be appointed by this General Assumbly for the District South of French Broad and the said Entry taker so appointed shall not enter upon the duties of his said office until the Treaty herein alluded to be complied with and after such compliance the said Entry Taker shall proceed to take Entrys for the lands aforesaid, and shall take and receive for the use of the State the sum of eight shillings in the Current money of this state and Ten pounds in specie Certificates for each and every hundred acres of land entered in his office – and that each and every person in the said district who have made any improvements be intitled to a right of preemption and shall be allowed twelve months to enter the same, — Your Committee further report that upon the lowest calculation upon the quantity of land eight shillings per hundred will produce the sum of L1200 which will fully reimburse the Treasury all the cash advanced for goods and expenditures with interest

(Page 21)

all which is submitted

Wm Lenoir Chm

North Carolina

In Senate 30th Novem 1789

The foregoing report was read and concurred with. —

Chas Johnson Sp

By order

J. Haywood Cl

In House 5th Decr 1789

Read and concurred with

By order S. Cabarr…SHC

J Hunt CHC

(On side, if page folded) Report of the Com. On Petr of Inhabitants South French Broad

(Page 22)

North Carolina

In Senate 24 Nov. 1789

M Speaker & Gent

Page 11 of 19

We consent that the petition (faded) A number of the people (torn)ving South of the French

Broad River be referred us by you (torn), and have added (torn) to the Committee our (torn)

Chas Johnson Sp.

(torn)ood Cl

(Page 23)

(file label)

(torn)………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………..17………………..

Mr. Stuts? Letter is Gov. Do Ass ….. Ohi… ……- Seviers Mems & Instruction from Gov.

Martin—North Carolina

(Page 24)

North Carolina

………… 24 Novr 1789

Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen

We herewith recd you The Petition of Sundry the Inhabitants South of French Broad

River which we proper …….. to the Committee in Indian Affairs and have added to this Comte Mr.

Davie, Mr Stephens(?) & Mr. McDowall

S. Cabarrus S.H.C.

By order …….. Use

By order

J Hunt CHC

(Page 25)

Message

Petr from French Broad

(Page 26)

The said County, & subjects in every law to the Same Rules & Regulations— provided always that the Inhabitants of this annexed Territory to Green County, shall form separate Battalion of Militia by the Name of the Western Battalion of Green County, which Battalion shall be c..mp..red or formed in the same manner as the Second Battalion of Rowan County; and the Said Battalion shall assemble together for a General Muster whenever called upon at (big space), any law or custom to the Contrary not withstanding— DELE

Be it further enacted that Every Head of Family of the said annexed Territery shall be

intitled to a preemption of Six hundred & forty acres of land which if not already entered, they shall enter with the Entry taker of Green County, paying for the Same, this purchase money to the State, the Sum of Eight Shillings Current Money & Sixty four pounds in Certificate of the State; besides the Entry taker’s fees; and the Surveyor of the said County of Green is hereby directed to Survey all Such Entries in the manner prescribed by Law for all other public Surveys— DELE

Be it further enacted that (big space) shall be & are hereby appointed Commissioners to

Grant to every Head of family a Certificate of his being intitled to a preemption right as above,

Page 12 of 19

which Certificate shall be lodged by the party obtaining the Same in the Entry taker’s office of the County of Green, who shall not admit of any Entry without such Certificate being produced; and provided that no other Entry of Land within the said Territery shall be received by the Entry taker, than Such which may be made in Conveyence of preemption Right Be it further enacted that all Laws or part of Laws which may come within the preview of this act, are hereby repealed & made null and void to all intents & purposes, as if the same Land (All of page 26 and 27 have “Dele” written over the pages, which I assume means these pages are to be deleted from the document.)

(Page 27)

H.C. Dec. 12, 1789

Bill for the Relief of the Inhabitants on the South Side of French Broad River-DELE

Whereas it hath been represented to this General assembly that a number of Families did

settle on the South Side of French Broad previous to the passing of the Act of assembly in 1783, which reserves for the Cherekee Indians certain Land therein described, and Whereas John Sevier

Esquire One of the Commissioners appointed in the year 1782 by His Excellency Alexander Martin

Esquire then Governor, to hold a Treaty with the said Indians, did in the year 1785 in Consequence of his said appointment (as circumstances prevented a Treaty to take place sooner) actually treat in a fair & open manner with the principal Head Men & Warriers of the said Indian Nation for all the Lands situate below the Line commonly named Brown’s Line, South of Holston and as far as the dividing Ridge between Tennessee & Little Rivers, the Consideration of which purchase hath not yet been paid to the Indians by unavoidable accidents.

DELE Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina & it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same that (big space) Esq. shall be and is hereby impowered to draw from the State Treasurer on his Receipt the Sum of (big space) pounds to be by him applied to carry into Effect the above treaty entered into between John Sevier Esquire and the Cherokee Indians & to procure from the Said Nation, to the State of North Carolina, a Grant for the Territory bargained for by the said John Sevier.

Be it further enacted that all the above Territory situate below Brown’s line South of

Holston and as far as the Dividing Ridge between Tennessee & Little River shall be & is hereby annexed to the County of Green, & all the Inhabitants of the said Territory shall be & are hereby made part of the inhabitants of Green County, enjoying the same priviledges & advantages as the Inhabitants of

(Page 28)

A bill for the relief of the Inhabitants on the South Side of French Broad River—

In the House of Commons 12 December 1789 read the first time & passed

By order JHunt CHC

Mr Beck & Mr. Lassiter

In Senate 14th Dec. 1789 read the first time & passed.

JHaywood

T.Blount

Genl Sevier

Genl McDowall

In the House of Commons 15 Dec. 1789 read the second time & rejected

Page 13 of 19

By order JHunt CHC

(Page 29)

Up the Tennassee as far as the Virga Warford, thence a No East course to the Top of the Ridge which divides the waters of little River from Tenassee and with that Ridge continuing the general course to the So. Carolina line

(Page 30)

The line the Inhabitants So of French Broad prays to be Established between themselves & Indians

(Page 31)

H. Nov. 24, 1789

Petiton of the Inhabitants South of French Broad River—

(Page 32)

H.C. Nov. 24, 1789

To the Honourable the genrl assembly of the State of No. Carolina the petition of Sundry

inhabitants South of French Broad Humbly Sheweth that your petitioners hath for Some time past Experienced the utmost distress & greatest evils that a frontier can possibly be tristed With occationid by the want of the Regular administration of gevernment us which gieves opertunity to the wicked and desining to invent & carry on schemes of the most Ruinous nature & attend with the most destructive consequences to the peace & happiness as well as the interest of our infant settlements likewise the duly depradations committed by the Cherokees is no less oppressive & unjust which difficulties & many others we are Endavouring to bear with all the fortitude and patience we are possessed of with ardent hopes that your Honourable body will take undar your wise consideration the distressed situation of your petitioners & grant us relief by extending to us those Social blessings which we only Expect to feel undar the influence & operation of your mild

constitution & laws—your petitioners beg leave to inform your honourable body. The

improvements on which we first claimd our lands was mad undar similar circumstances and at the same time with those for which pre-emtions was granted by the legisleture of Ncarolina for lands inhabited N of French Broad & also the laws of franklin which at that time we put full faith in not only countenanced us in setting our sd. Claims of land but was urged on us undar a Severe penalty for nege… with the most flatering promises of protection & security in possession of the same your petitioner also begs leave to mention th.. have not in a disorderly forcable manner taken possession of the before mentioned land from the Indians we have had thier consent for settling sd land (faded in fold)…………………. & has uniformly (faded in fold)……..to culti(missing) Strictest friendship and if at any time we have appeared anything unjustifiable on the Side of the white people towards the Indians it has neither been countenanced

Page 14 of 19

(Page 33)

nor approved by a large majority of the inhabitants South of French Broad your petitioners further beg leave to mention to your Honourable body that the Cherokees have at all times been reguardless of their Engagements to the State they have wantonly broke through the stipulations of treties & violated the peace (in a manner) in the verry instant of ratifycation in the first place it was stipulated by the articles of the treaty betwixt Virginia NC and the Cherokee indians in the year 1777 that the sd Indians Should return or make restitution for all the property taken in the war from the white the preceeding year and continue to lieve in peace & friendship with the citizens of the United States which the have never complyd with but on the contrary the have not only detained the property taken during the war above mentioned but have ever since practiced the most inhuman unprovoked murders & oppressive roberies on the good citizens of this & the neighbouring states & …… their most solemn Engagements to the commissioners of Congress at …………. In June last the have not dssisted in the least from their former practices but have continued their robberies in all Quarters within their reach on the western side of the mountain and Some of our citizens have fell sacrefice to their Savage cruelty also some of those unhappy people that have fell into the hands of the indians as captives are yet detained and can only be redeemed by Extravagant ransoms combinations of speculaters have also formed with intentions to deprive us of those lands in the defence of which we have had so many sufferings & only at an immence expense of blod & treasure holds possion of them it is therefore the Humble prayer of your petitioners that your Honourable body would pass an act fixing a line betwixt us & the Cherokees

(page 34)

………. Tulley Jamiah Odaul

Zac (?) Gross ?Mrs Thomas Stepens

Georg Adams William Whitson

Joseph White Jesse Nelson

Jonathan Wood David Job

Nicholas Woodfin William Coleman

John Evins Soloman Coleman

Henry Nave Charles Denney

John Brickey John Coleman

Robert (?) …menely John Dendin (?)

William Dun Thos Haney

Andrew Mclain/McCain James Slater

William Clopton William Sims

Joseph Freeney/Henry/Keeney Dunken McKessick

Richard Fry (?) John Nicols

John Smith Joseph Williams

John Wood Thos Williams

Daniel Laittrel (?) James Williams

Elexander Ramey David Nicols

Elijah Wood Georg Gross jr

Charls Ramey Georg Gross Snr

Thomas (faded) Peter Brickey

William Pryor Jams Drimen

francis Johnston Calep Odle

Page 15 of 19

Thomas Going Toms Odle

Ezekel Ray Moses Mckay

Jossaway (?) Movels(?) Thomas Woodfin

Daniel Job Niklas (?) Woodfin

Joseph Pryor William Heney (?)

Isaac Odell(?) Henery Jones

(faded) Mann (?) Georg Heney

William McCissick George (faded)

Laml Mackissac Danl Nicols (out of order, follows

Larken Mackissac David Nichols)

(page 35)

William Cumpton Wesley White

Robt Taylor James White

Danl Adams Alex Morrow

Wm Adams John McRoberts

James Seduscus Samuel McRoberts

Jacob Seduscus William Winton

Wm Allston (?) Zacceas Coplin

Hugh Doogan John Peery

Andrew Horn Jno Sehorn

Samuel Horn Ambros J/Geare

He…. Ward Robt Syfares

Alexr Rodgers Rickets Copland

Saml Wilson Jos. Copeland

William Guinn Jas Cunningham

Moses Ashbrook Wm Cunningham

Thomas Moon John Wintin

John McFarland Jas Wintin

Bejamin Marland Evens Lewis

George Mcfarland Jas. Ruddell

John Gilliland John Turnley

R. Douglass Wm Cathey

Wm Allen Jacob Dobkins

John Maybery Jos Davis

Mical yockim (?) Adam Lowrey

Thomas Beavers Jas Lowrey

John Beavers Amos Lewis

John More Geo Lewis

……m…..Taylor Jn Fulfer?

Craven Duncan

James Nickels

Samul Litterl

Joseph Hough

Fredereck Mayberry (out of order, follows John Maybery)

Page 16 of 19

(page 36)

Saml Lowrey William Moon

Wm Rusell James Wilson

John Haley Joseph Wilson

Jos? Carlock Alexr Anderson

Abrm Carlock Jno Dekson

Isaac Carlock Adam Wilson

Coorad(?) Good Saml Kerr

Jno Lewis Jacob Boughman

Jacob Lewis Jacob Dicson

Samuel Jack Saml Hamelton

Geo McNutt Saml Hendarson

Thos Rogers (?) Jas Sims

Seth Rogers Stephan Tence (?)

Isaac Rogers Thos Clerk

William Thrift Jas Creton

Evin Morgan Jos Turner (?)

John Calfee John Shields

Wm Morgan Geor Bush

Henry Netherton Jas Sturns

John Shaver Pat Hamelton

James Thurman (?) Jas Smith

Jas Adams Jesse Moon

John Cato Esmand Dirge (?)

Tom Richeson Jno Nave

Able Richison Senr Thos Doget

Able Richison Junr Saml Tomkins

Wm ..belk Pat Woods

Zachria …erll Abram Manning

Wm Bell Jos Moon

Mathew Bell Stephen Sims

Richard Vernal Senr Jno Jamison

Richard Vernal Junr Jas Weeks

Jno Wilson

A Duson Wilkins

(page 37)

Spenser Clack Clareancnce McLaughon(?)

David Cimmons(?) Fredreck Jee/Ice

Rolley Clack William Meller

James Bauvens(?) Oklayle(?) Vekele (?)

John Beauvers(?) John Wollece

John Clack William Lacker?

Joseph Beavours David Walden

James Beavors senr Joseph Tayler

Samuel Thomson Anthoney Lovon (?)

John Wallice John Dorker

Page 17 of 19

Cornelies Archer And. Thompson

John Fonsher Thomas Wallace

James Bauvers Joner(Jun?) Edmund Vancil

Jesse Isbel John Ominit (?)

Josiah Rodgers Robert Thompson

James? Haney James Thompson

Jorge Halmark John Thompson

Richard Fonsher Alaxeander McCormick

James Magonis (?) Heanrey Rogers

John Fonsher Eligha Rogers

John Mahon William Henderson Senr

Daniel(?) Rusel(?) William Heanderson Jur

Elaxr Mangamery Robert Heanderson

John Heanderson

(page 38)

Peter Every Charles Regin

Samuel Paxton Henry Regin

Barkley Magee Wm Regin

Mathew Wallis John Regin

Robert Hammel Charles Regin

John Telford Thos Waler

George Telford Wm. Grahom

John Devil William McMurry

David Egleton Robert McMurry

Daniel McCinsey Samuel McMurry

John Clark James Paul

Alaxr Hooks Joseph Prossor(?)

John Hookes Henry Tarewater

Robt Hooks Lewis Tarewater

James Guing/Ewing Jacob Niman

Wm Gering/Ewing Thos Hardon

Jacob(?) Shul(?) William Stockden

John Jamison Michal Carter

Tobias Grimmit Peter Douser

Philaman Higgan Isaac White

Thos Millar Senr

Jas Millar

Thos Millar

..r..in Millar

(page 39)

Thos Caldwell Alexr Kelley

Thos Dixon John Witherspoon

John McMahan David Caldwell

Thos McColloch Mathew Russell

Wm Sneed Robert Hanna (?)

Page 18 of 19

Nicholas Bartlet William Garet

John Casteel John Byre

John Gillespy Senr John McColloch

John Gillespy Junr David Caldwell

Wm Gillespie John Hicklin

Jos Witherspoon Firvins Conner

David Craig Humphrey Montgom(rest cut off)

James Craig Senr William Gillespie

James Craig Jun James Gillespie

John Craig Stephen Byre

James McKenney Amos Byre Senr

James Scott Amos Byre Junr

Henry Ferguson John Kelley

Joshuah Hanna John Ewing

Nicholas Haril(?) Jas McColoch

Wm Henry Warren Martins(

)ohn ….ol (?) Andw …………

John Caldwell Joseph Hart

John Houston Jas Gillespie(?) Jnr(?)

Jas Houston James Gillespy Senr

Saml Houston James Hollins/Willis(?)

Matthew Huston James Ander

Lammis(?) McCarty John Singleton

Jacob Thomas ………..(?)

Jas Gillespie (out of order, follows Jos Witherspoon)

(page 40)

Phelly(?) Thomas Robert Fergeson

Wm Overstreet William Sproul

Adam Peck Henry Fergeson

Hugh Coor/Con David Caldwell

Saml Glass Samuel McColoch

Lenoard Mouts(?) James pierce

George Mouts (?) John Cord(?)

Saml Newell Archabald Ilsan(?)

Benjamin Tipton Wm Houston

John Cussick John Finley

Jno Cussick George Ewing

Joseph Cusick Stephen Graves

John Main Jerimiah McCarter

John Wiliam Thomas Smith

James Dunlop Jas/Jos Black

Ambros Legg John Johnston

Adam Dunlop Robert pierce (out of order, follows

Samuell Henery James pierce)

Samuel Barton

James Houston 424

George Moss

Page 19 of 19

Saml Houston Snr

Joseph Bogle Junr

Samuel Newell Jnr

John Coats

William Hinks

Alexander Sloan

John Dunlop (out of order, follows James Dunlop)

(page 41)

Know all men by these presents that I Rawleigh

James Heanderson

Mack Tipon

Thomas Heanderson

Mordecai Tipton

Jesse Wallace

Joel Wallas

Zekal Willimes

Oliver Wallass

John Clack

James Rodgers

Gorge Vinens (?)

John Clack

(page 42)

(Sideways) Pets of the Inhabitants South of French Broad River

In the

Posted in Cherokee, Petitions | 6 Comments

Mary Bosomworth, Creek Head Woman

Posted on October 1, 2013 by Roberta Estes

From the South Carolina Dept. of Archives and History.

http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov/onlinearchives/

Series: S213003 Volume – 002I Page – 00433 Item – 00
Date: 1752/09/23
Description: ASSEMBLED ESTATES OF THE UPPER CREEK NATION, TO ALL PERSONS, DECLARATION THAT THE ISLAND KNOWN COMMONLY AS ST. CATHERINES, SAPALA, AND OSSABAW, BOUNDED BY THE SEA, INLETS, AND THE INLAND, AND A TRACT OF LAND KNOWN COMMONLY AS THE INDIAN LAND, BOUNDED BY SAVANNAH, PIPE MAKERS CREEK, AND THE SAVANNAH RIVER, WERE ACQUIRED BY FRAUD BY DR. PATRICK GRAHAM, AGENT OF GEORGIA, WHO TOLD THEM THAT THE INTENT OF SIGNING WAS ONLY TO KNOW THE NAMES OF THE HEAD MEN IN EVERY TOWN, AND THAT THE LAND SHALL BE HELD BY THE RIGHTFUL OWNER COUSAPONAKESA, ALSO KNOWN AS MARY BOSOMWORTH. (2 PAGES; PRINTED IN JOHN T. JURICEK, ED., VOL. XI, GEORGIA TREATIES, 1733-1763, EARLY AMERICAN INDIAN DOCUMENTS: TREATIES AND LAWS, 1607-1789, PP. 224-26)

Hat tip to Joy for this information.